Internet Surfer 2.0

home *** CD-ROM | disk | FTP | other *** search

/ Internet Surfer 2.0 / Internet Surfer 2.0 (Wayzata Technology) (1996).iso / pc / text / mac / faqs.196 < prev next >

Wrap

Text File | 1996-02-12 | 27.8 KB | 597 lines

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQS);faqs.196 --- in France You are required to obtain a license but there is no examination. At the time of this writing, the license costs 190FF every 5 years. You have to send France Telecom the "agreement number" from your radio. Once on the air, you may identify yourself by your name or a handle of your choice. France will honor licenses from other countries using CEPT-approved radios. Your license may be used under the terms from the country which issued it. --- in Germany A license is required whether you plan to use FM or both AM and FM. The "agreement card" costs more if your radio also has AM. You may identify yourself by your name or a handle of your choice. Germany will honor licenses from other countries using CEPT-approved radios. Your license may be used under the terms from the country which issued it. --- notes for all countries There are rules and regulations that must be complied with while using CB, no matter which country you live in. If you don't have a list of those rules (which most likely were included with your CB), you will probably find them at any store that sells CB radios. * What are the CB Frequencies? ------------------------------ The answer to this question depends on the country you reside in. We currently have information on Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Cyprus, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Luxembourg, Japan, the Netherlands, Portugal, Norway, Sweden, the UK, the USA, and Vatican City. --- in the USA Legal CB transmitters use the operator's choice of AM (amplitude modulation) (with 4 watts maximum power) or single sideband (with 12 watts maximum power) on the following frequencies. frequencies (MHz) modulation description 26.965 - 27.405 AM/SSB Citizen's Band (CB) 40 channels, max power 4W AM, 12W SSB 1=26.965 11=27.085 21=27.215 31=27.315 2=26.975 12=27.105 22=27.225 32=27.325 3=26.985 13=27.115 23=27.255* 33=27.335 4=27.005 14=27.125 24=27.235* 34=27.345 5=27.015 15=27.135 25=27.245* 35=27.355 6=27.025 16=27.155 26=27.265 36=27.365 7=27.035 17=27.165 27=27.275 37=27.375 8=27.055 18=27.175 28=27.285 38=27.385 9=27.065 19=27.185 29=27.295 39=27.395 10=27.075 20=27.205 30=27.305 40=27.405 460 - 470 FM General Mobile Radio Service (GMRS) license required, see Part 4 31.0-31.3 GHz any mode microwave band now open for individuals to use, requires GMRS license, see Part 4 * Channels 23-25 are not in ascending order due to historical reasons. CB started with only 23 channels. Later, 24 and 25 filled a gap between 22 and 23 and 26-40 were added in ascending order. Special-use channels: 9 - emergency, monitored in some areas by "REACT", a volunteer group coordinated by the local Sheriff's office (not in all areas) 17 - unofficial "trucker's" channel (California & western states.) 19 - official "trucker's" channel for traffic and speed trap advisories 30-40 - Often are used for single sideband (SSB) activity Note that US regulations disallow "DX" long-distance communications (over 150 miles in this case) with CB. However, directional antennas may be used to enhance communications within the legal range. --- in Canada The CB frequencies, modulation, and power limits are the same as the 26-27 MHz CB band in the USA. --- in the UK The UK has 3 bands for CB as follows: frequencies (MHz) modulation description 26.965 - 27.405 FM 40 channels, same frequencies as USA 4W max power radios using this band are marked "PR 27 GB" or "CEPT PR 27 GB" and are CEPT-approved 27.6 - 27.99 FM 40 channels, 0.01 MHz (10 kHz) spacing 4W max power radios using this band are marked "27/81-UK" and are only legal in the UK 934.0125-934.9625 FM 20 channels, 0.05 MHz (50 kHz) spacing 4W max power radios using this band are marked "CB 934/81" and are only legal in the UK, no new radios of this type are being made but existing equipment may continue to be used legally Antennas must be omnidirectional - beams and yagis are prohibited. Antennas must stand vertically, no higher than 1.65m (not including ground plane.) AM and FM are not compatible so a US-legal CB cannot communicate with any UK-legal CB even though they may use the same frequencies. And each is illegal on the others' soil so this only prevents use of atmospheric skip between them. --- in Australia Australia has 2 bands for CB. The use of AM or FM depends on the band. frequencies (MHz) modulation description 26.965 - 27.405 AM/SSB 40 channels, same frequencies as USA max power: 4W AM, 12W SSB (same as USA) 476.500 - 477.475 FM 40 channels, .025 MHz (25 kHz) spacing As the first of the two bands above shows, made-for-the-USA CB radios are legal in Australia. The following AM/SSB band frequencies have special uses either by regulation or by common usage: Channel 8 Road channel (truckers) Channel 9 Emergency (same as USA) Channel 11 AM calling Channel 16/LSB SSB calling, also used for DX (distance) Channel 35/LSB unofficial additional SSB calling, also for DX --- in Japan Japan has 3 radio bands that do not require licenses. Two of them are limited to extremely short-range use because of low power limits. The other, with maximum power output of 5 watts, is more like CB as it is known in North America, Europe and Australia. frequencies (MHz) modulation description 26.968 - 27.144 AM (no SSB) "Citizen's Radio" maximum power 0.5W channels 1-8 on 26.968, 26.967, 27.040, 27.080, 27.088, 27.112, 27.120, and 27.144. Other channels in between these are assigned to fishing vessels (with 1W max power). 422.200 - 422.300 FM "Specific Low Power Radio", also known as "UHF CB" maximum power 0.01W (10mW) 9 channels with 12.5 kHz spacing. newly-authorized in 1989, mostly used for handy-talkies and ski patrols 903.0125-904.9875 FM "Personal Radio" maximum power 5W 158 channels with 12.5 kHz spacing External antennas are permitted. Radios must be equipped with a control ROM for automatic ID. As in Europe, made-for-the-USA CB radios are illegal in Japan. There have been cases where such radios have caused interference with maritime emergency traffic. --- in France France uses the same frequencies (in 40 channels) as the USA but also allows FM in the same band. The only legal CB radios in France are those which are approved by France Telecom. frequencies (MHz) modulation description 26.965 - 27.405 AM/SSB/FM 40 channels, same frequencies as USA max power: 1W AM, 4W SSB, 4W FM Channel 9 AM used to be for emergencies but was deregulated because no one monitored it for that purpose. Channel 19 AM is the calling channel (used to establish contact then move to another channel.) Channel 11 FM is used for DX/skip long-distance contacts. Channel 27 AM is sometimes used as a calling channel for base stations (at home.) AM is the most commonly-used modulation method in France. When traveling outside France, remember that most countries in the CEPT conference do not permit the use of AM or SSB. France has adopted the CEPT rules for CB in Europe - see below for more information. --- in Germany Germany also uses the same frequencies as the USA. AM and FM are the only legal modes of modulation. (SSB is not allowed.) AM is only allowed on some channels. frequencies (MHz) modulation description 26.965 - 27.405 AM/FM 40 channels, same frequencies as USA max power: 1W AM and 4W FM AM is allowed on Channels 4-15 FM is allowed on all 40 channels SSB is not permitted All signals must have vertical polarity. Channel 4 FM is the calling channel. FM is the more commonly-used modulation method in Germany. Notes: to meet the vertical polarity requirement, antennas must stand vert- ically. Also, tone-call transceivers are allowed so you can use touch tones to call someone if they are within receiving range and have a radio that will recognize the tones. When traveling outside Germany, remember that most countries in the CEPT conference do not permit the use of AM. Germany has adopted the CEPT rules for CB in Europe - see below for more information. --- in countries subscribing to the European CEPT conference The following countries have implemented the CEPT (Conference of European Postal and Telecommunications administrations) recommendations T/R 20-02 and T/R 20-07 for CB radios: Austria, Belgium, Cyprus (see Note 1), Denmark (see Note 2), Finland, France, Germany, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Portugal (see Note 2), Norway (see Note 2), Sweden, United Kingdom, and Vatican City. Notes: 1) confirmation pending in Cyprus 2) special markings are required on the radios so, for example, UK radios marked "CEPT PR 27 GB" are legal but ones marked "PR 27 GB" are not. Radios from other countries may also be similarly affected. CEPT approval is significant because, with the exceptions listed above, CEPT- approved CBs from any one of the countries listed above can be used in any other on the list. frequencies (MHz) modulation description 26.965 - 27.405 FM 40 channels, same frequencies as USA 4W max power If you travel to another CEPT-conforming country, you may use your CB under the terms of your license from your own country. Be aware that only FM is CEPT-approved so AM and SSB may not be legal to use once you cross the border. Important note: CEPT-approved CB radios are not legal in the USA and made-for- the-USA CB radios are not legal anywhere in Europe. The difference is because CEPT radios use FM and American radios use AM or SSB. There are no agreements allowing a radio which is type-accepted in North America to be used in Europe or vice versa. Channel 19 appears to be the calling channel in most CEPT-conforming countries. When exceptions are known, they are listed specifically for the country. --- in other countries This is the "grab bag" section. We have incomplete information on these countries but we'll tell you what we've heard. We'll add more information as people send it to us. (If you know more, please tell us!) * Italy uses AM and FM like France and Germany. Channel 5 AM is the calling channel. Channel 9 has no special designation (i.e. it is not an emergency channel.) Italy also has some other non-licensed frequencies but we don't have any more information. * They transmit with a lot of power in Italy (21W is common for AM/FM/SSB) but we don't yet know how much is legal. * Switzerland uses FM on the same frequencies as CEPT but CBs do not appear to be very common there. * Channel 19 is the calling channel in Poland. Some probably-outdated info said that this was also the case in Czechoslovakia but may not necessarily be true under the new governments there. * The calling channels in Austria are 4 AM and 9 AM. * From California, we can hear a lot of CB activity in Mexico via skip but no one has provided us with any details yet. However, we know that they use AM on the same frequencies as the USA's 27 Mhz CB band. In every country we know of where CB is legal, radios must be type-accepted, meaning they must have been manufactured specifically for use with one or more country's regulations. They must be unmodified and properly marked for use in that country. The exception is CEPT-approved radios, which may be used in any country which has implemented the conference's recommendations. * What are the common brands of CB radios? ------------------------------------------ Some of the more common brands that you will find out in the USA market are as follows: Uniden, Cobra, Midland, Realistic (Radio Shack), Archer (Radio Shack) and others. Made-for-the-USA CB radios are also legal in Canada and Australia though they must be properly labeled for sale and use in those countries. In France some common brands of radios are President and Midland. These are somewhat similar to Germany but the President brand is known as "Stabo" there. We currently don't have any corresponding information for Japan or the rest of Europe. Note that radios must be marked properly for sale in your country, even in countries using American or CEPT (European) radios. * What should I consider when choosing a location for my antenna? ----------------------------------------------------------------- The answer to this question differs greatly between base and mobile installa- tions. Each will be answered separately. In mobile installations, things to consider are whether you're willing to drill holes or use a magnet mount, gutter mount, trunk mount, or a bumper mount. If you say "no" to all of those (which would probably mean you have a very nice car) your list of options is pretty short - use a handheld with a rubber duck antenna. Otherwise, you can start making choices with the following things in mind: 1) the closer your antenna is to the top & center of the vehicle, the better. So the roof is better than the rain gutter or trunk and all of those are far better than the bumper. But they'll all work. 2) a drilled/permanent mount is better than a magnet mount in the same loca- tion. (This is so that the antenna gets a better "ground plane".) If you use a magnet mount, run your coax feed line through the door or hatch that gets the least use and then leave it alone. Don't use any path where the coax would get pinched. For base installations (i.e. at home) the best places are "as high as you can" within legal limits. The roof is normally fine. If you're in an apartment complex, you may be limited to a balcony but ask the manager - they may just want you to keep it "invisible." (Check your national and local regulations. In the USA, the FCC regulations limit CB antennas to 60 feet above ground level or maybe shorter if you live close to an airport - one foot high for every hundred feet from the nearest runway.) Base station antennas should have a good ground in case of lightning. (In the rare event of a lightning strike, this can mean the difference between burning down the building or just the radio.) Most cold water pipes that go into the ground will work. But the best choice for a ground would be an 8-foot (2.4m) copper rod stuck in the ground near the antenna. (If you want to use anything other than the rod for a ground, contact someone knowledgeable about housing construction and safety - you don't want to accidentally use a hot water or gas pipe. You also need to know your local building codes.) * Once I hook up my CB and antenna, is the radio ready to use? -------------------------------------------------------------- No. When you get a new CB and/or new antenna, the CB and the antenna must be tuned or "matched." To do this, you need an SWR meter which is a device that measures the impedance between the radio and the antenna. SWR stands for "Standing Wave Ratio." The lower your SWR, the better your match. First timers are recommended to get help from a knowledgeable person but some notes about the process are included here. You do NOT want your SWR reading to be over 3:1 ratio on any channel. It can damage your radio. A "perfect" match is 1.0:1 which gives you the best efficiency for your radio's output. However, "perfect" isn't possible so 1.1:1 is the best you can hope for. Even 1.5:1 is acceptable, but it isn't as good. You will only be able to achieve your best match on one or a small group of channels. The SWR will increase on each channel as you get further from that point. So 2:1 may even be unavoidable on the extremes, like Channels 1 and/or 40. If you know you're going to use one channel most of the time, try to put your best match there. Otherwise, just center it at Channel 20 so you can use all 40 channels optimally. You may find SWR meters at places like Radio Shack or amateur radio dealers. Further information about Standing Wave Ratio can be obtained from the ARRL Handbook. (ARRL is the American Radio Relay League. Their annual handbook is full of information on many different aspects of amateur radio but the basic concepts apply in all radio bands.) Most stores that sell CB radios will have an SWR meter and someone who knows how to use it. But they will charge for their services. * What are good antenna characteristics and what are some good antennas? ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Antennas have to be designed to transmit and receive on the band that you are using. CB is located in the 11-meter band. (They call it that because the wavelength is about 11 meters.) CB antennas range in height from a little under 2 feet (24 inches) up to 108 inches. The 1/4 wave whip (108") will offer better reception and transmission capability over a shorter, coiled or "loaded" antenna. VERY short antennas, or multiple antennas that aren't "phased" properly will result in a very poor signal. Remember, for cophasing antennas, they must be 1/4 wavelength apart which, for the 11 meter band, is around 9 feet. Most cars aren't wide enough to allow antennas to be placed 9 feet apart. The other characteristic of cophasing is that it is much more direc- tional than a single antenna. It will transmit and receive MUCH better along the axis of the car than sideways off the car so if you want a omnidirectional antenna, you don't want cophasing (so you only want one antenna.) Another subject of common questions is about antennas which receive AM/FM broadcast stations and act as a CB transceiver antenna. User experiences on this newsgroup vary widely with each brand. (The motorized ones seem to have the least favor among the postings we've seen.) In general, these antennas work but are not nearly as good as a dedicated CB antenna. You have to weigh the advantages and disadvantages for your circumstances. Good brands of dedicated CB antennas in the USA include (but are not necessarily limited to) Hustler, Wilson, FireStick and K-40. In France, some common brands are President and Magnum. Xref: bloom-picayune.mit.edu rec.radio.cb:2202 news.answers:4753 Path: bloom-picayune.mit.edu!enterpoop.mit.edu!bloom-beacon!gatech!destroyer!gumby!yale!yale.edu!qt.cs.utexas.edu!cs.utexas.edu!uunet!charon.amdahl.com!amdahl!uts.amdahl.com From: ikluft@uts.amdahl.com (Ian Kluft) Newsgroups: rec.radio.cb,news.answers Subject: rec.radio.cb Frequently Asked Questions (Part 3 of 4) Message-ID: <cb-radio-faq-3-725022480@uts.amdahl.com> Date: 22 Dec 92 11:08:13 GMT Expires: 9 Jan 93 08:00:00 GMT References: <cb-radio-faq-1-725022480@uts.amdahl.com> Sender: netnews@uts.amdahl.com Reply-To: cb-faq@uts.amdahl.com (CB FAQ Coordinators) Followup-To: rec.radio.cb Organization: Amdahl Corporation, UTS Systems Software, Santa Clara, CA Lines: 230 Approved: news-answers-request@MIT.Edu Supersedes: <cb-radio-faq-3-723726480@uts.amdahl.com> X-Posting-Frequency: posted on the 7th and 22nd of each month Posted-By: auto-faq 2.4 Archive-name: cb-radio-faq/part3 Rec.radio.cb Frequently Asked Questions (Part 3: Communication) --------------------------------------------------------------- [Last modified 3/15/92] Questions discussed in Part 3: (dates indicate last modification) * Which 10-codes are most commonly used? (7/91) * What are the CB 10-codes? (7/91) * Where are 10-codes used? (3/92) * What are some of the more common Q-codes? (3/92) * What are some tips for communicating with others on the CB? (12/91) --Rec.radio.cb Frequently-asked Questions-----------------------------Part 3-- * Which 10-codes are most commonly used? ---------------------------------------- When getting started, remember at least the following 10-codes: 10-1 Receiving Poorly 10-4 Ok, Message Received 10-7 Out of Service, Leaving Air (you're going off the air) 10-8 In Service, subject to call (you're back on the air) 10-9 Repeat Message 10-10 Transmission Completed, Standing By (you'll be listening) 10-20 "What's your location?" or "My location is..." Commonly asked as "What's your 20?" and maybe also this one... 10-100 Need to go to Bathroom Also, remember that 10-4 only means "message received". If you want to say "yes", use "affirmative". For "no", use "negative". * What are the CB 10-codes? --------------------------- 10-1 Receiving Poorly 10-2 Receiving Well 10-3 Stop Transmitting 10-4 Ok, Message Received 10-5 Relay Message 10-6 Busy, Stand By 10-7 Out of Service, Leaving Air 10-8 In Service, subject to call 10-9 Repeat Message 10-10 Transmission Completed, Standing By 10-11 Talking too Rapidly 10-12 Visitors Present 10-13 Advise weather/road conditions 10-16 Make Pickup at... 10-17 Urgent Business 10-18 Anything for us? 10-19 Nothing for you, return to base 10-20 My Location is ......... or What's your Location? 10-21 Call by Telephone 10-22 Report in Person too ...... 10-23 Stand by 10-24 Completed last assignment 10-25 Can you Contact ....... 10-26 Disregard Last Information/Cancel Last Message/Ignore 10-27 I am moving to Channel ...... 10-28 Identify your station 10-29 Time is up for contact 10-30 Does not conform to FCC Rules 10-32 I will give you a radio check 10-33 Emergency Traffic at this station 10-34 Trouble at this station, help needed 10-35 Confidential Information 10-36 Correct Time is ......... 10-38 Ambulance needed at ......... 10-39 Your message delivered 10-41 Please tune to channel ........ 10-42 Traffic Accident at .......... 10-43 Traffic tieup at ......... 10-44 I have a message for you (or .........) 10-45 All units within range please report 10-50 Break Channel 10-62 Unable to copy, use phone 10-62sl unable to copy on AM, use Sideband - Lower (not an official code) 10-62su unable to copy on AM, use Sideband - Upper (not an official code) 10-65 Awaiting your next message/assignment 10-67 All units comply 10-70 Fire at ....... 10-73 Speed Trap at ............ 10-75 You are causing interference 10-77 Negative Contact 10-84 My telephone number is ......... 10-85 My address is ........... 10-91 Talk closer to the Mike 10-92 Your transmitter is out of adjustment 10-93 Check my frequency on this channel 10-94 Please give me a long count 10-95 Transmit dead carrier for 5 sec. 10-99 Mission completed, all units secure 10-100 Need to go to Bathroom 10-200 Police needed at .......... * Where are 10-codes used? -------------------------- 10-codes originated in the USA and are, apparently, only used in English- speaking countries. However, no matter which codes are used in your country, be aware that there are local dialects in every urban area and region. You have to listen to others to learn the phrases and codes in you area. Be aware that the use of codes specifically to obscure the meaning of a trans- mission is probably illegal in most countries. The difference is this - codes which are well known and make communications shorter or more efficient are normally allowed. * What are some of the more common Q-codes? ------------------------------------------- Q-codes are used in many kinds of radio communications, including CB sideband but not typically on CB AM. (If your radio doesn't have sideband, don't worry about Q-codes.) Q-codes originated with amateur radio but their use in CB, even more so than 10-codes, can vary depending on who published the list. The following is an abbreviated list of Q-codes borrowed from amateur radio: QRM man made noise, adjacent channel interference QRN static noise QRO increase power QRP reduce power QRT shut down, clear QSL confirmation, often refers to confirmation cards exchanged by hams QSO conversation QSX standing by on the side QSY move to another frequency QTH address, location The following is from a list of Q-codes used by the X-Ray Club (a sideband- users club headquartered in Paradise, California): QRL Busy, Stand By QRM Man Made Interference QRT Stop Transmit or Shutting Down (same as 10-7 on AM) QRX Stop Transmit or Standing By QRZ Who is Calling? QS Receiving Well QSB Receiving Poorly QSK I have something to Say or Station breaking QSM Repeat Message QSO Radio Contact QSP Relay Message QSX Standing By (same as 10-10 on AM) QSY Changing Frequency QTH My Location is... or What's your location? QTR Correct Time Q-codes may be used to ask questions (QTH?) or to answer them (QTH is 5th & Ivy Streets.) The ARRL Handbook and the ARRL operating guides have more complete listings of those used for amateur radio. (ARRL is an amateur radio organization.) Historically, the Q signals were instituted at the 'World Administrative Radio Conference' (WARC) in 1912. Because of their international origin, Q-codes may be more accepted outside English-speaking countries than 10-codes are. * What are some tips for communicating with others on the CB? ------------------------------------------------------------- The following is a list that is generally considered proper procedure or polite when using a CB radio. It can also be considered a beginner's survival guide. This list was compiled from common problems that have plagued beginners since CBs first became popular. - When two people are talking, essentially they temporarily "own" the channel. US FCC regulations say that they have to give other people opportunities to use the channel if they're going to use it more than several minutes. But it is not up to an outsider to "take" the channel from them. - Take care not to "step on" other units (i.e. transmitting at the same time as they are, thereby making both your transmissions unreadable.) This usually means that you should adjust your break squelch level so that you can hear the other unit and then only begin to transmit when you can't hear anyone else. - NEVER deliberately key over someone else. Nobody likes that. - If you hear one unit break for another unit, give some time for the unit to respond before you say anything yourself. (Keep in mind that they may have to fumble for a microphone in a moving car or dodge furniture enroute to a base station.) Remember, the calling unit has the channel. - If you want to talk on a channel that is in use, it is very likely that your initial transmissions will accidentally "walk over" someone elses. So you must keep them short. The word "break" is generally accepted. Try to time it in a pause in the conversation. - Even when your "break" has been recognized, keep your next transmission short. For example, "Break one-seven for Godzilla" if you're on Channel 17 and looking for someone whose handle is Godzilla. If Godzilla doesn't answer in a reasonably short amount of time, it doesn't hurt to say "thanks for the break" to the units that stopped their conversation for you. - If you break on an open (unused) channel, you don't have to be as brief. For example, "Break 17 for Godzilla. Are you out there Godzilla?". However, the short form is perfectly acceptable, too. Use what fits your style.